Point Loma, San Diego in 1964 Anaheim Bay in 1961 Santa Barbara Harbor in 1986 Counts 1986) probably represent shells washed into the sea by floods. Collections of this freshwater clam from several marine sites (e.g. In 2008, established populations have been found in inland lakes on Vancouver Island and isolated collections have been made in the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia (Kirkendale and Clare 2008). By the 1970-80s, it was found in many smaller drainages of the West Coast, including the Willapa River, Washington (in 1971, Counts 1991) Siuslaw River, Oregon (in 1971, Counts 1991) Coos River, Oregon (Carlton 1989) the Smith River in northern California (Carlton 1979) the Santa Margarita River in Camp Pendleton, California (in 1983, Counts 1991) and the Sweetwater River, flowing into San Diego Bay, in southern California (2005, USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2007). Corbicula fluminea reached lower Colorado-Imperial Valley canals by 1953 Phoenix, Arizona by 1956 and by the 1970's had fouled irrigation systems and reservoirs in most of the lower Colorado Basin (Counts 1986), including the Colorado Delta in Mexico (Mellink and Ferreira-Bartrina 2000). It was first collected in the Sacramento River, California in 1945 and soon spread through the Delta region and fresher parts of the estuary via canals. It spread across the southern part of the state eastward into the Snake River, and was widespread in the Columbia Basin by 1969-71. In 1938, it was found in the Columbia River at Knappton, Washington.
North American Invasion History: Invasion History on the West Coast:Ĭorbicula fluminea was first collected (only as dead shells) on the Pacific Coast in the Nanaimo River, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in 1924 (Kirkendale and Clare 2008). 2005), but is not known to occur in US estuaries. fluminea from China, Korea, and Thailand, has been found in Utah and New Mexico (Siripattrawan et al. Corbicula lineage B, genetically related to C. Corbicula fluminea colonizes slow-moving rivers, lakes, and low-salinity, mostly fresh to oligohaline regions (0-5 PSU) of estuaries (McMahon 1983 McMahon 2000). Its spread in relatively unpopulated, undisturbed watersheds in Mexico and South America suggests that this species also has natural modes of spread, including the possibility of transport in bird and fish guts. Likely modes of transport include use as food or bait transport on barges, dredges, anchors, and digging machinery use as an aquarium animal and ballast water transport of pediveligers. Its spread across North America was rapid, and indicates a wide variety of vectors. The most likely vector was the transport of clams as a potential food item by Asian immigrants (Counts 1986 McMahon 1983). Corbicula fluminea is believed to have been introduced to Western North America from Asia before 1924, and then spread rapidly across the continent (McMahon 1983). fluminea, and its origin as 'Asia', although the correct name may be C. We will refer to the most widespread form (lineage A of Siripattrawan et al. Several hermaphroditic genetic lineages of these clams have been introduced to North America, Europe, South America, and Hawaii (Lee et al. are native to Asia, including Indonesia and the Philippines and probably also to Africa and Australia (Counts 1986 McMahon 1983 McMahon 2000). It can increase water quality and act as a new food resource for other species, but can also cause fouling problems for many industrial operations such as electricity and water treatment plants.įirst Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1938 First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1938 First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1960Īsian freshwater clams Corbicula spp. As a rapidly reproducing and quickly spreading filter-feeder its economic and ecological impacts on freshwater and estuarine systems have been diverse and complex. It colonizes slow-moving rivers, lakes, and the low-salinity regions (0-5 PSU) of estuaries. It is now found in the Great Lakes, on the Gulf and East Coasts, and in Mexico. fluminea was first introduced to the West Coast from Asia and then spread rapidly across the continent. Several hermaphroditic genetic lineages of these clams have been introduced to North America, Central America, South America, Europe and Hawaii. Corbicula spp., are native to Asia, including Indonesia and the Philippines and probably also to Africa and Australia.
Corbicula fluminea, commonly known as the Asian Freshwater Clam, has a relatively thick and large shell, compared to other freshwater bivalves.
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